Befikre movie Review

                                 

Befikre is a romantic love story which highlights the love lives of today’s generation, the ups and downs, the pros and cons of relationship between a couple and so forth. Directed and written by Aditya Chopra, under Yash Raj films, this movie stars Ranveer Singh and Vaani Kapoor as main protagonists.

A modern, quite essential, Jolly Delhi flirt boy Dharam (Ranveer Singh), shifts to Paris, the city of love, for his job purpose, where he meets another free spirited, French born Indian girl Shyra (Vaani Kapoor), and a set of chemistry develops between the two. The movie highlights about the struggle about their relationship status and how individuals today are lost in variation of concepts such as commitment and the ultimate bound of trust that can only be taken by those who dare to love.

Shot in different location of Paris, the movie, keeps its pace in the first half, which interchanges through Dharam and Shyra’s past and present relationship. The second half however, errors too much in terms of logic.The story drags towards the climax and is a reminder of how the lead characters have hardly matured in spite of their colorful past.The film seems to be stretched a little bit mainly in the second half, which could have been cut down in certain scenes, especially the wedding segments at the end.

The movie’s cinematography is good, with its music being foot tapping and splendid, thanks to the one and only Vishal Sekhar. The movie’s soundtrack does’t fail to sidetrack the audience, and are enjoyable in every possible instance. The choreography on the songs like ‘Nashe si chad gaye’ and the rumba at the end of the movie, is brilliantly devised, and beautifully accomplished by the two actors.

Director Aditya Chopra’s been known for his romance directorial like Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jaayenge, Mohabatein, Rab ne banadi Jodi. This time, he’s set foot on his next venture through Befikre, which, however doesn’t seem to surprise the audience like his previous directorial used to. Nevertheless, the two and a thirty-minute film is fun filled and diverting, especially with Ranveer’s wit and humor, which would pretty sure bind the audiences to their seat belts, till the end.

Show your acquaintance with the research procedure. Also elaborate: “The research design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted.” Discuss various parts of the research design with suitable examples.

Research refers to the scientific method of investigation. It is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using a scientific method. Research can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories.

A research procedure consists of series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research and the desired sequencing of these steps. The research procedure has the purpose to produce new knowledge, or to offer a new manner of understanding present knowledge. Basically, there are 8 steps of scientific research procedure which are mentioned as follows:

1. Define the research Problem

2. Review of Literature

3. Formulation of Hypothesis or Research Question

4. Preparing the Research Design

5. Data Collection

6. Data Analysis

7. Presenting Findings / Conclusions

8. Replication

“The research design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted.” Research design is a framework or plan for conducting the research study. It lay the foundation for conducting a research. A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. It is very essential for any research to have a foundation to conduct every research process. Research design is that foundation and therefore, the research design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted.

Research design involves the following 4 designs:

1. Sampling design: Sampling design deals with the methods of selecting items to be observed for the study. It is planned with regard to the sample of the population. This design is very accurate, reliable, economical in nature, and very reliable. It is further divided into two types:

Ø Probability sampling: Probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that gives all the entities in the population equal chances of being selected. For example: to make a report of average age of students in a class, every student’s age is recorded.

Ø Non-probability sampling: Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the entities in the population equal chances of being selected. For example: You would like to know what percent of the student population use Colgate and Close-up as their toothpaste. You decide to study 20% of the student population and ask them only, instead of studying all the 100%. So you go from the selected desired students and ask them the toothpaste that they use until you complete the sample.

2. Observational design: Observational design deals with techniques which relates to the condition under which the observation are to be created. It focuses on how to get the data for the research. For example: visiting the site, contacting the person, watching the field, questioning people, etc.

3. Statistical design: Statistical design deals with techniques which concern the question of how the information and data gathered are to be analyzed. It focuses on how to use the statistics on certain subject. For example: data collection, data analysis, test of significance of data, etc.

4. Operational design: Operational design deals with techniques by which the procedures are satisfied in sampling. It deals with the entire plan/ design of the research design. 

International Peace day: Sustainability and Peace

Today's date i.e. 21st September marks the 35 years celebration of the International Peace day. This day was firstly established in 1981 from the United Nations General and officially celebrated from the year 1982 September and annually since the date.

International peace Day is meant to be a day of nonviolence and cease-fire. Today, on International Peace Day there are many celebrations and peace marches to honor world peace in cities and countries worldwide.

The Day’s theme for 2016 is “The Sustainable Development Goals: Building Blocks for Peace.”

According to the Brundtland Commission report, "Sustainability addresses the fundamental needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." With regards to the slogan of the world peace day this year, the Government of Nepal also could focus their attention on sustainable development within every nook and cranny of the nation establishing peace and prosperity within every individuals. The challenges of  poverty, improper utilization of natural resources, water scarcity, social inequality, environmental degradation, diseases, corruption, etc have become challenges for peace and development.

Through sustainable development, long lasting peace can contribute positively to elimination of the causes of conflict. Similarly through peace as well, sustainable development receives suitable environment for its smooth and prosper operation throughout the country.

This year's peace day can establish a realization for need of development with a serious commitment. This is not just today, but the commitment for peace and sustainable development should last forever till the society experiences change globally.

ASSIGNMENT

Show your acquaintance with various methods of knowing. Why is science considered the most trustworthy among those methods? Argue with suitable examples.

Human beings have incredible mind to question and reason on anything that is around us. Our curious nature needs strong and valid explanation regarding what is a part of us. In today's era, there's reason for almost everything that exists. It is natural for us to question on certain things to gain more information. This process has been continuing since ancient times. That's why there are certain methods of knowing. Among many philosophers and researchers, Kerlinger has identified four methods of knowing :

1.     Tenacity

2.     Authority

3.     Intuition

4.     Science

1)    Tenacity: Tenacity believes that any information what has been considered valid information is always true. The information received is from the unknown source though. This method believes something which has been believed by others since the ancient time ( believing the ancestors).  Validity of certain statement is due to its tradition or belief. This method gives importance to the antiquity of the source. There is no question raised regarding any information hence there are high chances of having error information.

2)    Authority: In this method, questions are asked. Not why? or how? but who said that? Statements are believed on the basis of the authoritative values of the source. Sources could be sacred books or authority holding person. However the authority for one person may not have the same importance/value to the other. For example- Hinduism followers believe the virtues of Lord Ram in Ramayana but the follower of Christianity or Muslims do not. In this method too, there are chances of error, i.e. this method could not be trustworthy to some people.

3)    Intuition: Intuition refers to the use of mind or intellect. Questions are raised from all direction and answers are searched or found on the basis of our intellect. Conclusions are based on our experiences. However, the limitation of this method is that our experience is subjected, i.e. different for different people. This method is superior than the method of tenacity and authority but the logical statements to one person could be error to another person. There is a chance of not being systematic too.

4)    Science: The method of science has been created to understand the causal relation of any matter. Science is free from the weaknesses the earlier methods had. It is free from the prone to error that the earlier methods had. There are questions raised from all directions at any time asked. The statements in science are always objective. Processes involved are always systematic and verifiable. In science, there is the ability to repeat the same phenomenon (replicable), can be perceived by our senses (empirical), and are based on logic and evidences.

The following characteristics of science helps to prove that science is the most trustworthy method of knowing:

·        Objective:- Objective refers to be based on hardcore facts. Objectiveness requires open-mindedness. It demands that one must set aside all sorts of the subjective considerations and prejudices. For example- every data and amount of matter should be accurate to get the accurate results.

·        Systematic:- Science considers and observes all the aspects of a particular phenomenon as a whole in a step-by-step process. A scientific research adopts a certain sequential procedure, an organized plan or design of research for collecting and analysis of facts about the problem under study. This process minimizes error to occur.

·        Verifiable:- Scientific method is always verifiable and justifiable at any time. Anybody can question anything at anytime. It can be tested whether it is true or not. To be able to verify any experiments is one of the strongest aspect of science. For example- we can verify that Sodium(Na) and Chloride(Cl) are combined together to form salt (NaCl).

·        Empirical:- Empiricism refers to the information gained by experience, observation or experiment. The facts are believed through the identification of or senses. It relates to the direct sense of perception. Our sense of touch, smell, sight, sound and taste is used to experiment on scientific study. For example- we identify a chemical to be argon if it has pungent smell. Likewise we know ice is cold because we can feel it.

·        Logical:- Logical means something that are reasonable. Scientific study requires analyzing something based on facts. For example- we don't wear black clothes on the desert because of the fact that black color absorbs heat faster and more compared to other colors.

·        Replicable:- In science, the theories could be replaced or repeated by stronger theories. To verify something it is important that it should be replicable and can be repeated many times. For example - Einstein's black hole theory was replicated by Stephen Hawking.

Science is considered  as the most trustworthy method  because the above mentioned characteristics of science prevents error to a very minimum level.

Reference:

Adhikary, N.M. “Understanding Mass Media Research”. Kathmandu: Prashanti

Class lectures of "Research Methodology" by Dr. Nirmala Mani Adhikari

Development Reporting

Development refers to the systematic use of scientific or technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements. It is also defined as the process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions. Whereas reporting is simply the gathering of news. It involves discovering all relevant facts from various sources, selecting and presenting the important facts and weaving a complete story. Therefore, development reporting is the reporting of development related issues.

Development reporting is one of the ways to handle development activities through communication. Development, by itself, is a broad concept. On the one hand, it's an integral , value loaded cultural process; on the other, it encompasses the natural environment, social relations, education, production, consumption, well-being and humanity. Hence, it refers to the transition from an agrarian to industrial society, and now to an information society.

At a journalistic technique of handling development communication, development reporting is constituted by the nature of its content. The content may be related to both rural as well as urban society, but they should address the issues of the mass. The message of development reporting should be need-based, and it should appeal to the audience on education, awareness and development related issues. This reporting supports the dynamic process of bringing development to the people for whom it is pictured.

Concept of Development reporting

The purpose of development reporting is to create a sense of involvement, to spread the realization that the future comes out of present efforts, that development can be nobody's gift, least of all of the aid given by affluent countries, but is the result of one's own labor.

Development reporting must concern itself with the people. It must show them how to improve their bargaining power with the society. It must make them realize that their future is in their hands. It must describe the process of backbone building.

An important aspect of development reporting is success stories of people who have adopted new technologies, tries new methods, and benefitted themselves and helped society.

Development reporting, to be effective, requires considerable investigative and research skill on the part of the journalist, a part from firm group trends in economic thought, planning, and development.

                              Adapted from A Manual for News Agency Reporting                                                             Indian Institute of Mass Communication

History

Development reporting is relatively a new concept that has emerged in post colonial era after world war second when a number of countries became independent. In Nepal, it emerged actively after the Muluki Ain of 2018 B.S. Bharat Dutta Koirala is credited with introducing reporting on development of rural Nepal.

Features

Development reporting , by its very nature, is devoid of the kind of sensational interest that an eruption or a calamity or a political confrontation produces. It does not carry the stamp of immediacy that 'events' do. The events certainly have their place in news, but the concept of news should not be restricted to these events. Development reporting has not to include the traditional concept of " bad news is good news".

Development reporting further has the following features:

v In-depth research of the development process.

v  Honest collection, intelligent processing and interesting presentation and interpretation on development interest information.

v  Reporting on process instead of event.

v  5 W & H( Who, What, Where, When, Why, How) questions answered especially focusing on why and how.

v  No fixed deadline.

v  Address the issues to the mass.

v Since development is a process, follow up is prominent. The journalist may have to visit a subject repeatedly.

v  Field reporting is a must.

v Concerns for the whole range of local economic and social change, human dignity, security, politics, urbanization, agriculture, cottage industry, justice and equity, social empowerment, etc.

Reporting rural development for instance, has not received the necessary priority and importance in the media that it should have in developing countries. It is not as pervasive as reporting politics, conflicts, foreign affairs and defense security.

Development reporting includes information dissemination, social awareness on development activities, media advocacy for social mobilization, and participatory communication behavior. It represents one aspect of development journalism, which is new genre of modern journalism. However, development reporting has been criticized in various occasions since it has been used for hiding unsuccessful efforts, weaknesses, irregularities, and fraudulent activities. Similarly, it has been facing some allegations of being supportive to the government by highlighting minor development activities.

Objectives

Basically, there are the following objectives of development journalism. They are:

·        To inform the people

·        To explain the issues

·        To promote to do the same or more advance

·        To encourage for development To aware of the development.

Importance

Development reporting is very useful due to the following reasons:

1.     It prioritizes development related activities in news reporting;

2.     It raises awareness on various development issues; it keeps local people conscious on the importance of environment;

3.  It encourages local people to participate in development related works; by this approach, development activities can be sustainable;

4.     It suggests local people to preserve the positive aspects of cultures removing negative practices;

5.     It identifies causes and solutions of various natural calamities such as landslide, floods, draughts, etc;

6.     It illuminates various problems of village areas and motivates stakeholders for finding solutions; problems such as poverty, illiteracy, non-development, environment degradation, etc;

7.     It makes the authority alert by reporting about the huge development projects and their impact on society or surrounding environment.

Tips for Development reporting

Here are some tips for development reporting:

a)     Understand the proper concept of development and various development issues;

b)    Collect enough information about the development stakeholders and cultivate, update and maintain relationship as reliable news source;

c)     gain adequate training or be involved in capacity building programmes; so that you can present development issues in attractive format and style;

d)    Identify news angle from the point of view of grass- root or the general public;

e)     Help develop strong media policy and cultivate careful attitude of media organization towards development issue coverage.

Development reporting, to be effective requires considerable investigative and research skill on the part of the journalist, apart from firm grasp of trends in economic thought, planning and development. The very purpose of development reporting is to improve the quality of life both of the individual and of society.

Development reporting is primarily socio-economic reporting giving the why, when, which, what and how of deep structural change in our society. It does not involve events but socio-economic processes that are much more complex than an assassination or a coup.

Criticisms

Generally, development reporting are criticized due to the following reasons:

·        There are specific technologies, which are not easy to understand.

·       Academicians and researcher don't believe on journalists. They think journalists do not report properly.

· Sometimes it has been used for hiding unsuccessful efforts, weakness, irregularities, and fraudulent activities.

·    It has also been facing allegations of being supportive to the government by highlighting minor development activities.

Conclusion

Development reporting is therefore very useful because it attempts to document the conditions within a country so that the larger world can understand them. Journalists are encouraged to travel to remote areas, interact with the citizens of the country, and report back. It also looks at proposed government projects to improve conditions in the country, and analyzes whether or not they will be effective.  Ultimately, the journalist  may come up with proposed solutions and actions in the piece, suggesting ways in which they might be implemented. Often, this form of journalism encourages a cooperative effort between citizens of the nation and the outside world.

Reference

Mass Communication and Journalism by B.B. Acharya

Communication, Media and Journalism : An Integrated Study by Dr. Nirmala Mani Adhikary

journalism questions and answers

1. Distinguish between advocacy journalism and mission journalism.

Advocacy journalism is a genre of journalism that adopts a non-objective viewpoint, usually for some social or political purpose. As it is always intended to be factual,  it is distinguished from propaganda. It is also distinct from instances of media bias and failures of objectivity in media outlets, since the bias is intended. News reports are intended to be objective and unbiased. In contrast, advocacy journalists have an opinion about the story they are writing. For example, that political corruption should be punished, that more environmentally friendly practices should be adopted by consumers, or that a government policy will be harmful to business interests and should not be adopted. Some advocacy journalists reject that the traditional ideal of objectivity is possible in practice, either generally, or due to the presence of corporate sponsors in advertising. The advocacy journalism believes in serving transparent points of view to the general public.

Panchayat period is taken as the period marking the beginning of mission journalism. For the first time in the history of Nepal, the mission journalism was introduced during the period. Journalism during the period was divided into two missions: pro-panchayat and anti panchayat. Main objective of the pro-panchayat newspaper was to justify the necessity of the panchayat system whereas anti-panchayat newspaper came to front to advocate for democracy. Nepali congress and left political parties joined hands for movement to dethrone Panchayat system. Active role played by private and foreign media to support the movement became a necessary mission to all the journalists. Government media were compelled to support Panchayat system till last minute, but the journalists extend their moral support to the movement. After struggle of 50 days, party less system was declared end at late night in 2046 Chaitra 24th.

2. Discuss the role of journalism in national development with special reference to Nepal.

The purpose of journalism is to provide citizens with the information they need to make the best possible decisions about their lives, their communities, their societies, and their governments. Journalism is intended for informing people, encouraging, educating and entertaining them as well. As journalism is the voice of the voiceless, it encourages people to speak against the ups and downs in the society. In democratic society, journalism is a watchdog. Journalism handles public issues and acts as a pressure group. Journalism is an open forum to the general public where people can actually realize the power of democracy. Journalism is considered as the fourth organ of any nation. In this regard, journalism has a great significance of nation development including Nepal as well.

Journalism has been one of the major weapons through which Nepal entered into the democratic and republican stage as we are practicing today. During the mass media of Nepal, during the movement for republic state, during the movement to remove autocracy in Nepal, and  for the social upliftment, Nepali journalism has played a vital role.  Journalist's in Nepal work hard to raise the voices of the voiceless without thinking of their own needs. Due to the importance of journalism in Nepal, the education institutions has started to put the course of journalism as the academic studies. Only due to the practice of journalism, people in Nepal have been able to know about current issues and possibility to include their issues among all people. In similar way. our nation's development can also reach to every corners if there are journalists all over the corners of Nepal, reporting of the essence and needs of developments in every places. It is the means of journalism through which people can be aware of social safety and security. Journalism makes people aware of the current important notices of the government. Journalism plays a vital role for people's participation in many developmental activities in Nepal.

3. Discuss different variables affecting news coverage with special reference to the functions of newsroom

A newsroom is the central place where journalists including reporters, editors, and producers, along with other staffers, work to gather news to be published in a newspaper and/or an online newspaper or magazine, or broadcast on radio, television, or cable. Some organizations refer the newsroom as a city room. News room is a very sensitive place like the emergency ward of hospital. It plays a very important role in the information lifecycle. It helps the process of acquiring, processing, storing, disseminating and using information. 

In a print publication's newsroom, reporters sit at desks gather information, and write articles or stories, in  the past on typewriters, nowadays on computers. These stories are submitted to editors who usually sit together at one large desk , where the stories as reviewed as possibly re-written. Reporters generally use the inverted pyramid method for writing the stories, although some of the best journalistic writings uses other methods.

Once finished, editors write a headline for the story and lay it out on a newspaper or a magazine page. Editors also review photographs, maps, charts or other graphics, to be used with a story. Sub editors of the several newspapers, who reviews stories for publication works, are supervise for their chief news editor.

Newsroom has to take decisions on news coverage. But there are various variables that should be considered in this regard. The variables that determine what is reported include things beyond a journalist's control, such as how much space or time is available to tell stories. Also a story that might receive top billing on a slow news day might not even appear on a day when an overwhelming number of major stories are breaking.

• News hole: A variable affecting what ends up being reported as news is called the news hole. In newspapers, the news hole is the space left after the advertising department has placed all the ads it has sold in the paper. The volume of advertising determines the number of total pages, and generally, the bigger the issue, the more room for news.
• News flow and staffing: Besides the news hole, the flow of the news varies from day to day. A story that might be played prominently on a slow news day can be passed over entirely in the competition for space on the heavy news day. On one of the heaviest news days of all time, in 1989, death claimed Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini; Chinese young people and the government were locked in a showdown in Tienanmen Square; the polish people were voting to reject their one-party Communist political system; and a revolt was under way in the Soviet republic of Uzbekistan. That was a heavy news day, and flow of major nation rattling events preempted stories that otherwise would have been news. Staffing affects news coverage, like whether reporters are in the right place at the right time.
• Perceptions towards audience: How a news organization perceives its audience affects the news coverage. The National Enquirer lavishes attention on unproven cancer cures that the New York Times treats briefly if at all. The Wall Street Journal sees its purpose as news for readers , who have special interest in finance, economy and business. Ted Turner's CNN fx was established to serve an audience more interested in quick market updates, brief analysis and consumer news than the kind of depth offered by the Journal.
• Availability of materials: The availability of photographs and video also is a factor in what ends up being a news. TV is often faulted for overplaying titillating stories, such as fires and underplaying or ignoring more significant stories that are not photogenic. Newspapers and magazines also are partial to stories with strong accompanying visuals. Radio news people revel in stories when sound is available, which influences what is reported and how.
• Computation: One trigger of adrenaline for journalist is landing a scoop and, conversely, being scooped. Journalism is a competitive business, and the drive to outdo other news organizations keeps news publication and newscasts fresh with new material computation has an unglamorous side. Journalists constantly monitor to identify events that they missed hand need to catch up on to be competitive. This catch up aspect of the  news business contributes to similarities in coverage, which scholar Leon Sigal calls the consensible nature of news. It also is called "pack" and "herd" journalism.

In the final analysis, news is the result of the journalists scanning their environment and making decisions, first on whether to cover certain events and then on how to cover them. The decisions are made against the backdrop of countless variables, many of them changing during the reporting, writing and editing process.

While journalists are key in deciding what to report and how, non-newsroom forces in news organizations sometime play a role too. These forces include advertiser-sensitive executives, who do not always share the truth seeking and truth telling agendas of  journalists, presser from advertiser and presser from sources.

4. Discuss the concepts of framing and priming.

In news, items occurs more than only bringing up certain topics. The way in which the news is brought, the framing in which the news is presented, is also a choice made by journalists. Thus, framing refers to the way media and media gatekeepers organize and present the events and issues they cover, and the way audiences interpret what they are provided. Framing is an  abstract notion that serve to organize or structure social meanings. Framing influence the perception of the news of the audience, this form of agenda-setting not only tells what to think about, but also how to think about it.

Priming refers to enhancing the effects of the media by offering the audience a prior context – a context that will be used to interpret subsequent communication. The media serve to provide the audience with standards and frames of reference. Agenda-setting refers mainly to the importance of an issue; priming tells us whether something is good or bad, whether it is communicated effectively, etc. The media have primed the audience about what a news program looks like, what a credible person looks like, etc.

5. Discuss press release as a credible source for reporters.

A press release, news release, media release, press statement or video release is a written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media for the purpose of announcing something which are  newsworthy. Usually  they are mailed, faxed, or e-mailed to assignment editors and journalists at newspapers, magazines, radio stations, online media, television stations or television networks. They are the official statements made to journalists by an individual, an organization, a political party or a government department. Many organizations use it as an important way of getting out an information. They arrive in hundreds everyday and looked no more than few seconds and thrown up in newsroom bins, if they are not newsworthy. But the relevant press releases can be a source of good stories or a follow up news. Press release is a credible source for reporters as the information written on a press release are the direct statement of the sender themselves. The information provided are always reliable and trustworthy. Though the journalists do not have to report it by any effort, the press release sometimes contain a newsworthy news.

6. Show your acquaintance with Press Conference.

Press conference is a meeting at which somebody talks to a group of journalists in order to answer their questions or to make an official statement. To obtain maximum publicity, organizations, even individuals organize press conference or news briefing to the invited journalists. The organizers have some stories of news value to tell the public. In the first part of the press conference, the organizers tell something they are prepared for and in the second part, there begins question-answer session where the journalists have to ask and the organizer have to answer. Critics have criticized this activity blaming as' pseudo-event' but not a real news report.

There  are frequent occasions for press conferences at which leading figures in the fields of industry, science, entertainment or sports wish to inform the media for the latest developments. Press conferences are also organized to hide the weakness, make clarification on some particular case or to make publicity of some products or programs. Journalists must collect information about the issue or institution before they attend the press conference. Reporters often want to attend the press conference for the following reasons:

    This is a pre-expected news source; reporters can easily collect at least one news story from this event.

    Reporters can meet several personalities on a particular subject in a single place; they may extend or renew public relations.

    Reporters can ask questions or take interview to some key persons and find clues on other important themes as well.

    For journalists, this is an opportunity to take photo, get press release or some prepared information kits.

7. Show your acquaintance with Interview.

Interview is a conversation between two or more than two people where the interviewer asks  questions to obtain information on certain subjects from the interviewee. In journalism as well it is a major source to obtain information for television, newspapers, radio, internet, etc. The question- answer in interview is written or recorded on a tape recorder or sometimes live as well. Face-to-face and telephone interviews have been the main methods of interviewing. Even journalistic interviews have certain principles of sincerity, cooperation, relevance, flexibility, objective and information. Interview can be issue based or personality based or human interest based. Interview can be done by the methods of panel interview, interview by e-mail or posts, telephone, tape recorder, formal interview or news interview( from eye witness of some events).

8. Discuss various types of news structures with suitable examples.

A news structure consists of Headlines, lead and  body .Headlines are the title of the news stories. A good headlines gives a form to a news containing certain information. A good headlines not only tells the story but also sells the story. Some of the headlines are: skyline headline, banner headline, banner headline, parallel headline, flushed headline, tagline, etc.

Lead is the first paragraph of the news story. It is also called an intro as it is the introduction of the news story. Lead must be interesting and informative. It usually should answer all the answers of 5W &H (Who, What, Where, When, Why and How). It must not contain sentences more than 25-30 words. Some of the leads are: Quotation lead, question lead, hard lead, soft lead, bullet lead, narrative lead, etc.

The body of a news is the information after the lead. It describes the events and issues in detail. A body might have long or short information according to the news values on certain topics.

Mostly every news follow the Inverted Pyramid Structure while writing any news stories. Inverted pyramid structure is a metaphor used to illustrate how information should be placed structurally on a news story. The most important story is placed at the top i.e. lead. Then the next  important information are placed one step down and on the another step down, less important information are placed. This structure will allow the less important information to be more easily cut out of the article to fit the news-hole.